Determination Of Solubility Of Polar Solutes - 1074 Words

Introduction In the extraction of certain compounds, solubility plays an important factor in how the procedure is performed. The identification of which solvent is best for the substance is crucial. The relation of polarity between the solute and solvent is determined at a molecular level. The relationship between the solvent and solute needed shared similar characteristics. Polar solutes are dissolved in polar solvents while nonpolar solutes are dissolved in nonpolar solvents. From a chemical level, molecules are attracted to other similar molecules closest to their properties. Polar molecules are only attracted to polar molecules in both the solute and the solvent, and the same goes for nonpolar molecules. This explanation†¦show more content†¦For example, in some alkaline solvents acidic products will become deprotonated, keeping them soluble in water. The target compound can then be extracted as a free base. The extract results then are isolated by the addition of two immiscible sol vents. Two solvents that cannot be mixed are used so that there is a clear separation between the aqueous and organic layer. The component needed for extraction is contained in the organic layer. This is because the compound is more soluble to the composition of the organic layer. Multiple extractions with smaller volumes are more efficient than a single extraction at a one large volume. When an organic solvent is used to extract a compound from the aqueous solvent, smaller volumes will result in a better extraction. The success upon the collection of the crude material is depended on how well the water is absorbed by the anhydrous drying material. The presence of the drying material correlates with the vapor pressure of the other compound. When the vapor pressure is low, there is a smaller amount of moisture in the gas produced. Once the anhydrous material is added and clumping was avoided, the evaporation of the added organic substance can proceed. The final material collected can be physically identified by the final color of the precipitate. A greenish- white precipitate is most likely identified to be pure, and a brownish color indicates that the collected material is wet, and notShow MoreRelatedThin Layer Chromatography Lab Report1791 Words   |  8 Pagesmolecules, and determines the identity of a mixture of compounds. STRUCTURES AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REACTANTS [1] SOLVENTS | a. Hexane1Molecular Molarity: 86.18 g/molBoiling Point: 69  ºCMelting Point: -95 ºCDensity: 0.659 g/mL at 25 ºCWater Solubility: Insoluble in waterColor/Texture: Colorless/LiquidHazardous Information: May cause irritation to the eyes, skin and respiratory system. May cause drowsiness and/or dizziness. Suspected of damaging fertility or unborn child. May cause damage to organsRead MoreQuantitative Analysis Cheat Sheet6271 Words   |  26 Pagessubstance: number of some specified elementary entity: mole (quantity: amount) unit: mole One serving of milk contains 195 mg PHOSPHORUS (matrix ïÆ'   value ïÆ'   unit ïÆ'   specie/analyte) Matrix: where the specie is being determined Concentration: how much solute is contained in a given mass or volume Molarity: mol/L * Molality: mol/kg *weight percent: mass of substance per mass solution (g/g % or wt%) *volume percent: Vol % * mole fraction: amount of substance in the total amount of solution (unitless) Read MoreRecrystallization And Identification Of Unknown1796 Words   |  8 Pagesdissolves the solute, the solute molecules-both the pure parts and the impurities- float among the solvent molecules. After the solution has cooled, the solvent is not able to hold any of the solute molecules any more, and they begin to form solid crystals at the surface. Each solute molecule will approach the crystal and rest on it; if its geometry fits that of the crystal, it is more likely to remain on the crystal than to go back into the solvent. Thus, the crystals only contain the solute moleculesRead MoreDetermination of Unknown Liquid (2-Butanol)2586 Words   |  11 Pagesmethods to deductively identify compounds (1) . The determination of unknown #6 (2-butanol) was identified by a ser ies of test; first taking the boiling point (94-96 C), performing a solubility test, Beilstien test, Ignition test, and the appropriate functional group tests. An infrared spectrum and an NMR spectrum were then obtained and confirmation of the compound was proved. 2-butanol (sec-butyl alcohol) Introduction: The determination of unknowns is an important skill to organic chemistRead MoreExtraction and Characterization of Proteins3660 Words   |  15 Pagesobtained and stored in crystalline form. (Boyer, 2000) The solubility behavior of proteins is largely affected by the ionic strength. In general, this behavior is described by a curve like the one below. As the ionic strength increases, protein solubility increases at first. This is refered to as â€Å"salting in†. Although, beyond a certain point, the solubility begins to decrease and this is known as â€Å"salting out†. (Boyer, 2000) Figure 1. Solubility of proteins If the ionic strength is low, the activityRead MoreSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of Its Purity and Dissociation Constant4209 Words   |  17 PagesSynthesis of Salicylic Acid and Potentiometric Determination of its Purity and Dissociation Constant ------------------------------------------------- Abstract The purpose of the study is to synthesize salicylic acid from the ester, methyl salicylate, and determine the acid’s dissociation constant and purity. The ester was converted to salicylic acid by base hydrolysis. The products were refluxed and recrystallized, to ensure maximum purity, and filtered, dried, and weighed. The melting point

How Financial Aid Awareness Affects College Access and...

Paving the Way: How Financial Aid Awareness Affects College Access and Success Literature Review October 2008 In a time of ever-rising college costs, financial aid is critical to increase college access and success. Federal, state, and institutional aid programs help to ensure that students can afford higher education regardless of economic background. Financial aid is most effective when students and families learn about it early enough to make the right choices and plans about high school coursework, family savings, work and earnings, and college options. This literature review explores the questions of how and when students and families learn about college costs and financial aid, and how the timing and substance of that information†¦show more content†¦ii) Three out of four African-American parents do not identify scholarships as a source of aid, compared to half of White parents. Similarly, 83 percent of Latino parents do not mention grants as a source of aid versus 58 percent of White parents (Sallie Mae Fund and Harris Interactive 2003). Most Latino non-college-g oing youths can not name one source of financial aid (Zarate and Pachon 2006). iii) Two-thirds of African-American parents and 62 percent of Latino parents say they need more information about how to pay for college, compared to only 44 percent of White parents (Sallie Mae Fund and Harris Interactive 2003). d) Some students have inaccurate perceptions of their eligibility for financial aid. i) Many current and former community college students, especially those from two-parent households, assume that their household income is too high to make them eligible for federal financial aid (Matus-Grossman and Gooden 2002). ii) In California, far fewer Latino students than are eligible actually apply for Cal Grants because they erroneously believe that high grades are required (Zarate and Pachon 2006). iii) Many low-income students who do not apply for financial aid believe that they do not need financial aid. Twenty-nine percent of low-income dependent students and 39 percent of low-income independent students say they did not file a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)Show MoreRelatedWaking Up And Taking Charge871 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Waking Up and Taking Charge,† Anya Kamenetz is persuading us to ignite the flame and fight for our rights as students. Young adults need to stop focusing on global issues and start focusing on problems regarding their personal and financial lives. It is important that students put a freeze on global issues and better things for themselves while they are in school, because it will help them in the long run. â€Å"Waking Up and Taking Charge† seems to be about pushing young adults to be selfish towardRead MoreStudents From Low Income And First Generation797 Words   |  4 Pagesthe challenges I encountered in my field experience was the lack of college access education and funding for the families in the urban high schools. The first generation student family typically is unaware of the college process because the student’s parents have not attended an institution of higher education. Therefore, the students cannot count on their knowledge of the process. Eventually, when students reach the financial aid process it becomes difficult because parents usually cannot affordRead MoreThe Red Black by Stendhal1656 Words   |  7 Pagesregistered for classes. They both graduated in 1963. Since that time, minority enrollment has increased but it is still lacking. Why does the state’s flagship institution not appeal to minorities, particularly African Americans? Diversity Still A Problem Colleges have enjoyed a great amount of latitude in fulfilling their missions. With that comes the freedom to determine who shall teach and who shall be taught. In some instances, this has resulted in a decline in minority enrollment. The University of Georgia’ssRead MoreThe National Student Loan Debt1571 Words   |  7 Pages3000 extra dollars was just added to the national student loan debt. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, college debt now ranks second in the greatest debt owed besides a home mortgage. Unfortunately, the affordability of obtaining a post-secondary education no longer exists. Americans are now faced with over $ 1 trillion dollars in student debt. With such a huge escalation in college debt, we are facing a generation where over 50% of graduates will owe debt (McDaniel). While havingRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Admissions991 Words   |  4 Pagesthan 15 years experience in higher education at the university, state, and national level, I can genuinely say I enjoy my work. For many prospective students, the college admissions process is an arduous and daunting task. As a higher education administrator, college admissions and enrollment management allows me to improve the college search experience, provide avenues of opportunity, and assist students with what is potentially the first and most important adult decision they will make. I ferventlyRead MoreBad Study Habits Of College Students Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents enter college with positive expectations and with intentions to graduate; however, many of them face obstacles and challenges during their adjustment period and leave college before completing their degrees.† (Boyraz, Granda, Baker, Tidwell, Waits, 2016) According Pardon Our Interruption (2011) statistics show that 30% of college students drop out after their Freshmen year. This is due to reasons such as not being able to successfully cope with the transition, lack of financial support fromRead MoreSocial work intervention in prevention and control of HIV/AIDS5421 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Social Work Intervention in Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS Introduction In India, HIV which causes AIDS appeared much later than any parts of the world. However, the disease is spreading with unprecedented rapidity and has now emerged as a serious socio-economic and public health problem. HIV and AIDS is a term in today’s world that has become synonymous with epidemic. The truth is that the HIV/ AIDS pandemic have affected not only the adults but even the youth and the children. Hence, itRead MoreIdentity Theft Research Paper2695 Words   |  11 Pagesviolated. Any individual can have their identity compromised in numerous ways. Different institutions store personal information. There are several organizations that have social security numbers, bank account numbers, and credit card numbers. Colleges and Universities have people personal information stored in their databases that could be hacked. There are several companies that offer options to people to protect their identity. Most credit card companies offer the option of identity theftRea d MoreWhy Education Is Essential Tool2449 Words   |  10 Pageseconomic and social Growth. Students should start by accepting the challenges that come along with learning and believing in themselves to better the education systems they came from and others around them. â€Å"Schooling success is no longer determined by excellence and achievement; rather success is measured against a set of national targets that favor equity and measures of international comparison.† (Stanley Print). Gaining education enhances an individual to live a respectful life in the society. ThisRead MoreFactors That Influence The Matriculation Into Graduate School Stem Programs2757 Words   |  12 PagesNational Degree Data Data from the National Science Board confirms that Hispanics, African- American/Blacks , Hispanics/Latinos , American Indians and Alaska Natives are underrepresented in STEM PhD programs relative to their proportion in the U.S. college-age population (2010). Together these three groups earned only 12% of the doctoral degrees awarded in 2012 (National Science Foundation, 2012). However, according to the U.S. Department of Education, URM students are just as likely to enroll in STEM

System Analysis and Design Management Report

Question: Describe about the System Analysis and Design for Management Report. Answer: Introduction The report is developed for the Mexican food store that is looking forward to start its business in Sunshine Coast and expand in the area by working under franchise agreement for all the future stores. Inventory and order management systems will be implemented and linked for all the stores and wireless access points will also be required in every store for the functioning of all the activities. The report covers the requirement analysis and sources to understand the specifications of the system. It also covers the concept of scalability and its significance in this particular project. Groups for Requirements Analysis Business Owner and his team The most important entity involved in the project is the business owner, Mr. El Paso and his team. It will be important to understand his demands and requirements from the system along with the non-functional aspects he is willing to be considered. There are also other factors such as project budget and schedule which can be best covered from this source of requirements. Business and Market Analysts These people will assist in understanding of the requirements from the business perspective in terms of the competition in the market, trends in the inventory and order management systems and also the expansion schedule that must be followed. The margins and acceptance criteria can also be devised after interacting with this group. Networking Equipment Vendors Every store requires a network connectivity and wireless access points. These will require network set up and architecture along with the networking equipment. The cost and layout associated with the same will be assessed on the basis of the response received from the interaction with this group. Technical Experts Apart from the infrastructural requirements, there will also be a number of technical requirements associated with the system in terms of inventory management, order processing and management, front end, back end and many other components. The same will be explained by a team of technical experts that will be consulted to gain better clarity on the requirements. Customers or End Users The primary objective of any project or system is to satisfy the customer that will be utilizing the same. Hence, the customers will also be involved in the analysis process and their needs and expectations will be documented. Methods for Discovering Requirements There are a number of methods that can be utilized for discovering the requirements that are associated with the Mexican food store and its launch. The first method includes elicitation of requirements with the help of measures such as identification of data sources, interviewing the key entities and stakeholders and gathering all of the information together at one place (Wiley, 2016). There are a number of requirements trawling techniques that can be used to identify the requirements associated with the system. Abstraction can be used which makes use of the concept of generalization to reach to a set of requirements. There can also be other trawling techniques that can be applied such as mind mapping, brainstorming, simulation modeling and prototyping. These techniques will involve carrying out a model based approach or interacting with various user groups to come up to viable and conclusive information (Robertson, 2001). Fact finding is another technique that can be applied to understand and discover the requirements that are associated with the system. The system analysts can adapt this technique through a number of methods that are defined under the same. The stakeholders that are associated with the system can be interviewed with the aim to come up with facts and explanations at the end of the process (Ukessays, 2016). Questionnaires can also be created and distributed to all the associated parties and their response must be collected to understand the expectations and specifications of the system. This technique will allow the analysts to classify the requirements that are discovered in a number of different categories as functional, non-functional, business, and user. There will also be some sort of data that will be available with the store owner and his team. This data may include the flow charts or business idea or any other information that may be utilized by the analysts to discover the req uirements and understand the system in a better manner (Anvari, 2016). Market study can also be carried out to understand the basic expectations of the customers and the business units from the store and its services. It will also provide a glimpse on the latest trends and technology that is being adapted in the market. System Scalability Scalability is defined as the ability of the system to be at par with the business and user requirements at all times. It is the capability of a system to be scaled up or scaled down as per the requirement and scenario without affecting the existing functionalities and services (Msdn, 2016). There are a number of components that are associated with a particular system such as hardware, software, network and infrastructure. Technology is something that is changing at a rapid pace and a concept that is considered to be in trend at a point of time may soon become obsolete. It is thus essential for the system analysts, designers and developers to come up with a system that is scalable in nature and can be scaled easily as per the changes in the requirements (Jia, 2016). Importance of Scalability in the Project Scalability is the one of the prime requirements of the system that will be implemented for the Mexican food store and the reasons for the same are as explained below. The food store is already looking forward to expand the business under franchise agreements for future stores. The system that is created for one store will then be required to be implemented across all the units. Re-designing a new system for every new store will be troublesome for the staff and will also include a great share of costs. The scalability of the system will play a significant role in this case. The system will be implemented across all the stores in terms of the network, information systems and data. Inventory management, order processing and management and data management are the key features and components that will be implemented in the system being developed for the Mexican food store. All of these features will have automated functionalities and the same will be implemented across the network with a front end or back end. The technology that will be utilized in the development and implementation of the components may become obsolete after a few months or years. Re-developing the system from scratch would not be a great idea in such a case and the scalability of the system will again play a significant role in this case. There must always be a scope in the system to be scaled up or down and the same can then be utilized to transfer the technology and upgrade the system. The same would then be easily implemented across all the stores. The data stores that will be utilized for the data management will incorporate more and more data with the increase in number of stores and number of customers. The scalability of these data stores will allow the food store to handle large amounts of data with ease in terms of data storage and data operations (Ahirrao and Ingle, 2015). The number of customers associated with the stores will also increase with the expansion of business from one outlet to multiple outlets. Also, with the presence of stores in the market and provision of good quality products at increased time period will attract more and more customers. It will then be essential for the network bandwidth and the information systems that are implemented to handle thousand of requests and queries simultaneously. The initial set of network bandwidth and system capabilities will no longer be enough to handle the huge number of users. Setting up of the network architecture all over again and re-designing of the system capabilities would not only be expensive but will also hamper the existing functionalities and services. System scalability will then be utilized to enhance the system capabilities and network limits to incorporate the estimated number of users and their requests (Kermarrec and Taani, 2015). There may also be scenarios wherein it would be necessary to scale down the system in terms of the capabilities or the network requirements. For instance, there may be a particular food store set up in a region that fails to attract huge number of customers but maintains a fixed customer base on a monthly basis. It would not be recommended to completely shut down the store and it would not be wise to exhaust huge network and system capabilities in the same. In such a scenario, the system associated with that particular store can be scaled down as per the scenario and can be again scaled up if required. References Ahirrao, S. and Ingle, R. (2015). Scalable transactions in cloud data stores. Journal of Cloud Computing, 4(1). Anvari, (2016). Fact-Finding Techniques for Requirements Discovery. [online] Available at: https://www.anvari.net/CIS210%5CCIS210Spring08%5CInstructors%20Manual/Chap06.pdf [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Jia, X. (2016). Scalable Information Systems ICST: Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. [online] Icst.org. Available at: https://icst.org/scalable-information-systems/ [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Kermarrec, A. and Taani, F. (2015). Want to scale in centralized systems? Think P2P. J Internet Serv Appl, 6(1). Msdn, (2016). What Is Scalability?. [online] Msdn.microsoft.com. Available at: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa578023.aspx [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Robertson, S. (2001). Requirements trawling: techniques for discovering requirements. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 55(4), pp.405-421. Ukessays, (2016). Definition Of Fact Finding Techniques Information Technology Essay. [online] Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/definition-of-fact-finding-techniques-information-technology-essay.php [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016]. Wiley, (2016). Wiley: Discovering Requirements: How to Specify Products and Services - Ian F. Alexander, Ljerka Beus-Dukic. [online] As.wiley.com. Available at: https://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470712406.html [Accessed 14 Sep. 2016].

The Life and Career of Judge Clarence Thomas free essay sample

This paper examines the career of conservative U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. This paper discusses the life and career of Clarence Thomas, U.S. Supreme Court Justice. The author looks briefly at his childhood, his education, then at his rise in the judiciary, and controversial nomination to the Court . The paper examines Justice Thomas role as a conservative African-American and how his conservatism is shown through his decisions. It is hard to imagine that few justices of the 20th century will remain as marked throughout their entire tenure by their confirmation process as Clarence Thomas, who was nominated by George Bush, Sr. for one of the associate justice positions on the U.S. Supreme Court in 1991. Surviving the controversy of this nomination, in which he was accused of sexual harassment as well as of being of insufficient legal acumen and gravity- many liberals believed that his primary qualifications for office were his conservatism along with the fact that he was relatively young and healthy and therefore could serve on the court for many years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life and Career of Judge Clarence Thomas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thomas succeeded to the seat of the ultraliberal Thurgood Marshall, and in doing so gave to the court a decidedly conservative cast, undoing many of the measures that Marshall had dedicated his own life to achieving.