Ethical issue in Costa Coffee Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical issue in Costa Coffee - Research Paper Example Costa Coffee, one such profitable venture by Whitbread (PRATLEY, 2011).To understand the ethical issue affecting Costa Coffee, it is first imperative to look into detail into the ethical issues that affect the coffee industry in general. The coffee retailing industry is haunted by what is known as the coffee paradox. Coffee production for the larger part takes place in developing countries. According to statistics, 90 percent of the world’s coffee production takes place in developing countries, the leading coffee producers being Vietnam, Brazil and Columbia (BUSINESS INSIDER). However, the world’s greatest coffee consumption takes place in industrialized and developed countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom. This gives rise to a situation what Benoit Daviron and Stefano Ponte call the coffee paradox. The coffee paradox refers to the existence of a coffee crisis in the countries that produce it, and a coffee boom in the countries that consume i t (DAVIRON, 2005). Low wages, poor living standards and poor infrastructure is a regular feature of countries that supply the world with a commodity with a high demand. The producers get low prices, while the same coffee is sold at a substantially higher price. To offset the negative impact of the coffee crisis, coffee retailing firms consider it a part of their business ethics to employ measures that ensures prosperity for the producers of coffee in the developing countries as well. According to Geoff Riley, it is fair-trade that has helped in reducing the widening gap between the producer and consumer prices in the coffee industry (RILEY). Coffee production in the international market is increasingly pressurized by social activists to abide by fair-trade regulations. Fair-trade refers to the social movement whereby producers in developing countries are encouraged to trade their produce at terms that favor their own economy. Another feature of fair-trade is encouraging sustainabili ty in order to conserve resources for the generations to come. In the field of coffee productions, fair-trade coffee refers to coffee selling companies that comply with the standards of sustainable coffee production and distribution. Companies certified as fair-trade coffee retailers may charge a slightly higher price than those coffee retailers who do not comply with fair-trade regulations. According to the ethical consumer’s guide, Costa Coffee has been rated at 9.5 on a scale of 20, while Starbucks, its direct competitor has been rated at 6.5. The ratings give an insight of the top (SHOPPING GUIDE TO COFFEE SHOPS). (2)Produce a report about how that company could improve the ethics of its operations while meeting its objectives and making sure there are good employer/employee relations Costa Coffee does not abide by the fair-trade standards, however, the company can look into alternative ways of fulfilling its objectives as well as improving the ethics of their business op eration. The issue of Costa Coffee’s commitment to its business ethics however is not as simple as whether the company chooses to abide by the laws of fair-trade coffee. While consumers all over the world recognize the fair-trade logo as synonymous to ethical business operation, Costa Coffee has adopted a different, yet less known approach to responsible and sustainable coffee distribution (WELCH, 2011). Costa coffee reportedly joined the Rainforest Alliance in 2008, an ethical trading body

Internal combustion engine Essay Example for Free

Internal combustion engine Essay MGMT425 Spring 2013 – Haisu Zhang Marketing Research: Green Marketing Are Hybrid Cars Worth The Money? By Josh Nottingham Tyler Alberson Lei Ye James Chimitt Introduction: Over the course of the past few decades, Hybrid cars have slowly been multiplying on the road. General Motors sold 11,000 Chevrolet Volts in 2010 and are expecting that number to rise to 70,000 by next year (J. D. Power and Associates, 2012). The total percentage of Hybrid cars that cruise the road only makes up 3% of the entire automobile industry, but is expected to triple by the year 2015. There has been an immense debate over whether it’s worth spending the money to purchase a Hybrid car over a standard vehicle. What is a Hybrid Car? First built in the early 1900s, Hybrid vehicles are defined as a car that runs on two sources of power. The most common Hybrid vehicle combines a gasoline engine with an electric motor, which is known as a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). While most people consider this to be a recent invention, the technology has been around since the development of the first car. In fact, the first Hybrid car was created in 1899. The Beginning of Hybrids: The first Hybrid car was created by an engineer Ferdinand Porsche, which was named the System Lohner-Porsche Mixte. This vehicle used the combination of a gasoline engine to supply power to an electric motor. Surprisingly, the Mixte had over 300 produced, but once Henry Ford started the first assembly line in 1904, the demand for Hybrids slowly diminished. The main reason the demand decreased was due to the fact that Ford was able to sell gasoline engine vehicles for less and they produced more power. The Rebirth of Hybrids: After almost fifty years later, the United States congress introduced legislation that encouraged using more electric vehicles to attempt reducing the air pollution in the 1960s. Over the next thirty years, auto manufacturers spent billions of dollars researching the development of Hybrid cars and the technology that was needed. Sadly, only a few cars were produced which would both reduce our world’s dependence on oil and be able to compete with the historic gasoline vehicles price and performance. These vehicles failed to attract consumers and were eventually dropped from the production line. It wasn’t until the Toyota Prius, which released in 1997; Hybrid cars were finally starting to gain popularity in the automotive industry. From there, numerous Hybrid cars were released into the United States. For example, the Honda Insight became the first mass-produced HEV in the United States, which was a a small two-door car. The Toyota Prius is known as the â€Å"Hybrid† to many people, because it gave the Hybrid technology the consumers were hunting for. This particular vehicle has been the most popular HEV ever produced and auto manufacturers have used the technology as the platform for their Hybrid vehicle models. In this era of being environmentally friendly, auto manufacturers have shifted their production lines toward offering more Hybrid models to their customers. Toyota still offers the Prius, but Chevrolet and Honda have high expectations for their newest family members, the Volt and second generation Insight. We can expect auto manufacturers to continue shifting their production in the field of Hybrids. The Future of Hybrids: Since there is an increasingly demand for Hybrids, we can expect the future of Hybrids to be near. The next biggest change consumers can expect is to phase away from Nickel-Cadmium battery packs. Virtually every Hybrid on the road today has these battery backs. They are great for durability and proven to work well, but they have disadvantages since they are nearly six-teen years old. Nickel-Cadmium batteries do not charge as fast as other batteries and they are very heavy, because nickel is very heavy. By finding an alternative to these heavy batteries and reducing the weight, cars will be more efficient and have the ability to charge faster. There have been rumors of switching HEVs to Lithium-Ion Technology, which is both lighter and charges faster. Another report indicated the transformation of using a diesel engine combined with electric, which would increase the fuel economy of the vehicle. All these changes the future hold are the next stepping stones of the Hybrid era.

The Known Unknown :: Poem, Poetry

Man alone wonders at man's achievements, which are nothing. Had neither a wish we in this world to be born Nor we wish to be dead, as we wish to live on If our birth as well as death be not of our wish Why in life a wish and for each a skirmish? Crying arrived you oh! Man, people smiling around So smiling part from earth, crying people sound Mirth and merriment to your people your birth was Grieve them let your end, your life a noble cause mystery, death, unlocks the Creator of universe Still humans opine His very existence diverse Camel unseen, passed we claim, its footprints in the sand The universe does for the imprints of God's existence stand Man's knowledge is so wide, his wisdom so narrow Atom to space conquered but never tomorrow For a great tomorrow, live to eliminate human sorrow The clouds shed to give us a greener tomorrow

W-Planning(V1.3)

W-Planning(v1. 3) W-Planning (v1. 3) plug-in that Directory 1. 1 Data Production Part 2 The production of the source data 2 1. 1. 1 (1) GSM data format 2 (2) WCDMA 3 Data Format (3) 4 neighborhood data 1. 1. 2 Community information tables into MapInfo 5 1. 1. 2. 1 Public participation into 5 6 1. 1. 3 Update data 1. 1. 3. 1 Public Participation 6 to update the existing district 1. 1. 3. 2 Add the base station 7 1. 2 Basic functions 7 9 1. 2. 3 Planning Tools 1. 2. 3. 1 GSM frequency planning applications: 9 1. 2. 3. 2 WCDMA scrambling code planning application: 10 1. . 4 neighbor Tools: 11 1. 2. 4. 1 Database Analysis: 11 1. 2. 4. 2 to the neighbor relationship between positive and negative query and display 12 1. 2. 5 Simulation coverage analysis tool: 15 1. 2. 6 Tools 16 W-Planning (v1. 3) plug-in that Directory 1. 1 Data Production Part 2 The production of the source data 2 1. 1. 1 (1) GSM data format 2 (2) WCDMA 3 Data Format (3) 4 neighborhood data 1. 1. 2 Community information tables into MapInfo 5 1. 1. 2. 1 Public participation into 5 6 1. 1. 3 Update data 1. 1. 3. 1 Public Participation 6 to update the existing district 1. . 3. 2 Add the base station 7 1. 2 Basic functions 7 9 1. 2. 3 Planning Tools 1. 2. 3. 1 GSM frequency planning applications: 9 1. 2. 3. 2 WCDMA scrambling code planning application: 10 1. 2. 4 neighbor Tools: 11 1. 2. 4. 1 Database Analysis: 11 1. 2. 4. 2 to the neighbor relationship between positive and negative query and display 12 1. 2. 5 Simulation coverage analysis tool: 15 1. 2. 6 Tools 16 W-Planning is based on MapInfo plug-in plug-ins developed for WCDMA / GSM network settings check and optimization. The advantage is to show intuitive, easy to operate.Main features are: †¢ NodeB / BTS base stations, a map of the information; †¢ in accordance with the cell number, fuzzy station name to search the area; †¢ GSM frequency planning, WCDMA scrambling code planning; †¢ in accordance with the BSC (RNC) / LAC geog raphical boundaries of the simulation; †¢ Cell simulation coverage; †¢ 2/3G adjacent area optimization; †¢ One-way inspection and graphical adjacent areas; 1. 1 The production part of the data This section describes the production of the raw data CSV table format, and precautions 1. 1. 1 the production of source dataThe original cell information is CSV file, the workers into participating in a specific format, note the information must be accurate, especially in the items required. (1) GSM data format †¢ LAC_CI ———————————— cell ID items, such as 14466_55001, required; †¢ LAC ———————————– – LAC area, required; †¢ CI ————————————– cell number, such as 55001, are required; †¢ SITE_NO †”———————————- station number, optional; †¢ SITE_NAME ——————————— site name, equired; †¢ CELL_NAME ——————————– district name, such as water juncture -1, required; †¢ BSC ——————————————— attribution BSC , required; †¢ BSIC ——————————————- BSIC, required; †¢ BCCH —————————————- BCCH, required; †¢ TCH1 ~ TCH12 —————————— TCH frequency, required no filling 0 †¢ LONGIT UDE / LATITUDE ————— base station latitude and longitude, required †¢ AZIMUTH ———————————- azimuth, all the stations 360, change the fill †¢ LENGTH ————————————- geography of the area covered by the system; 1. 1 GSM_Site. csv [pic] ?1. 1 GSM_Site. csv (2) 2) WCDMA data format LAC_CI ————————————– cell ID items, such as 14466_55001, required; †¢ LAC ———————————– – LAC area, required; †¢ CI ————————————– cell number, such as 55001, are required; †¢ NodeBID —————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- station number, optional; †¢ NodeBName ——————————— site name, required; †¢ Cell_Name ——————————– district name, such as water juncture -1, required; †¢ RNCID ——————————————— RNC attribution , required; †¢ UARFCN —————————————- frequency, required; †¢ P-SC —————————– scrambling code, required †¢ Longitude / Latitude ————— base station latitude and longitude, required †¢ Azimuth ————————— ——- azimuth, all the stations 360, change the fill †¢ length ————————————- geography of the area covered by the system 1. 2 WCDMA_Site. csv [pic] ?1. 2 WCDMA_Site. csv Note: Please use the above base station naming attribute, otherwise it will cause read errors, the user can add other attributes any column, the column can be in no particular order.Users also can extend the range of properties for base station identification, such as routing area, configuration, antenna height, secondary carrier frequency, the next angle, coverage, business offices, district and other information sharing, these attributes column names and the content can be customized ((3) o-zone data Written examples bscname PT_BSC512 s_network 2G s_lac 14466 s_cellid 50272 sitename BS5027_JiangKouPingMin-27 d_network 2G d_lac 14353 d_cellid 10582 BCCH_UARFCN 110 bsic_psc 21 direction 2G_2G Note: s_network / d_net work complete specifications for the 2G (3G), direction complete specification 2G_2G/2G_3G/3G_3G/3G_2G 1. 2. 1 Open table command Description: There in the menu bar â€Å"open work table †¦ † command, or click on the button (below the toolbar (red).Execute this command, open the folder in the specified relevant Mapinfo Table. Of course, the Open menu in Mapinfo Table can also open the appropriate form, select the appropriate forms as needed Note: To open the form must be in the same directory [pic] 1. 1. 2. 1 Create Map With GSM_Site , : [pic] , Create Map With WCDMA_Site, Import Neighbor ,WCDMA, 1. 1. 3 Update Data Planning data often change, frequency and scrambling code operation of the existing network need to be updated. Relatively simple method of updating data. 1. 1. 3. 1 update existing community participation work Comes with mapinfo tools info_tool, click to edit the object (Figure 1. 1. 3. Modify cell data) as shown to directly modify => Save, and if, a cha nge in latitude and longitude, to refresh the layers, you can select the area has changed , then refresh the data menu as shown in Figure 1. 1. 3. 2), note the update position, must take LAC_CI, LAC, CI and other data filled out correctly Modify the cell data in Figure 1. 1. 3. 1[pic] ?1. 1. 3. 1 [pic] ?1. 1. 3. 2 1. 1. 3. 2 Add station The simplest way to change the layer is programmable, and then copy an existing base station, drag the newly added cell layer, and then modify the information, select the refresh, add the site to be completed [pic] 1. 2 Basic functions About shortcut buttons (1) to open the Layer (2) cell search (3) GSM frequency planning (on a frequency point) (4) GSM frequency planning (the next frequency point) 5) WCDMA scrambling code planning (on a scrambling code) (6) WCDMA scrambling code planning (the next scrambling code) (7) neighborhood search (forward search) (8) neighborhood search (reverse lookup) (9) BSC / RNC geographical boundaries of (10) LAC geogr aphical boundaries of (11) to open the Legend (12) file export Google Kml (13) refresh the layers 1. 2. 1 Open table command Description: There in the menu bar â€Å"open work table †¦ † command, or click on the button (below the toolbar (red). Execute this command, open the folder in the specified relevant Mapinfo Table. Of course, the Open menu in Mapinfo Table can also open the appropriate form, select the appropriate forms as neededNote: To open the form must be in the same directory [pic] 1. 2. 2 Cell Search Selected as shown above, to find Select the network you want to find, enter the district number, district name to search, exact match, it will center the display, and displays the corresponding Messagel, as shown below (Find Wat Stone Town -1 cell) [pic] , [pic] [pic] 1. 2. 3 Planning Tools 1. 2. 3. 1 GSM frequency planning application: 12 carrier configuration tool can query the plot, the use of red, blue, and green display BCCH, TCH1 to TCH12 frequency planni ng situation. Related commands â€Å"Find frequency† â€Å"Find previous frequency† â€Å"Find next frequency† Query results as follows.And the tool also provides the relevant shortcut button (upper-state frequency point on a P / N under what frequency) [pic] 1. 2. 3. 2 WCDMA scrambling code planning application: Tools can be found scrambling code 1-512, using red, blue, and green shows the planning of PSC, by way of scrambling code planning, you can choose +1, +8 two kinds of presentation. Related commands â€Å"Find psc† â€Å"Find previous psc† â€Å"Find next psc† Query as shown below† [pic] [pic] 1. 2. 4 neighbor Tools: Neighbor Tools main menu as shown below, it allows the entire network neighbor data analysis, forward and backward neighbor relationship query and display; single neighborhood query (2/3G) [pic] 1. 2. 4. 1 Database Analysis: Find Single Way neighbor† One-way analysis of whole web of neighbor problem. Analysi s of the data sheet relates only to Neighbor. Neighbor data must include the column, the data related to the source cell, target cell data, as follows: Source cell data: bscname, s_network, s_lac, s_cellid Target cell data: d_network, d_lac, d_cellid Global mark: direction Interface as follows: (1) Export Single Direction_neighbor. csv report export-way adjacent areas, in the C: / OneWay. csv (2) Show Single Direction neighbor sub-project is complete, one-way adjacent areas of geographical graphical, easy and intuitive, reducing much of the inspection process. : [pic] 1. 2. 4. to the neighbor relationship between positive and negative query and display Neighbor relations tool Mapinfo query must be used, as long as the map with this tool, click on the desired CELL query area, and then use the command shown below to complete the normal or reverse neighbor queries display. â€Å"Displpay Neighbors for a selected cell†: a positive neighbor relations for query and display (cut out ). â€Å"Displpay a cell Neighbors in backward†: reverse-neighbor relations for query and display (cut into). As a way users can also choose to use shortcut keys to execute commands the way (1) GSM neighbor search The following is a GSM cell positive effect chart to find Description: The gray lines for the 2G_2G the adjacent area, the green line to the adjacent area between 2G_3G Following is a GSM cell reverse lookup renderingsDescription: The gray lines in the neighborhood for the 2G_2G, brown lines, the neighborhood relations for the 3G_2G (2) WCDMA neighbor search The following is a forward lookup renderings WCDMA cell Description: The red line is 3G_3G the neighborhood, brown lines, the neighborhood relations for the 3G_2G The following are renderings WCDMA cell reverse lookup Description: The red line is 3G_3G the adjacent area, the green line to the adjacent area between 2G_3G [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 1. 2. 5 Simulation coverage analysis tool: Daily work, we often need to have a network coverage about understanding, such as the division of each BSC, LAC region division, as well as analog cellular coverage area, etc. this tool can be achieved BSC / LAC zone automatic calculation simulation program areas, marked with different colors. Function menu as follows: BSC designated Area Picture (LAC similar), as follows: Tool can match Toolmate â€Å"Embed Thematic in map† shows the legend layer, which is more convenient to view the results as follows : [pic] BS [pic] Toolmate †Embed Thematic in map † , , : [pic] 1. 2. 6 [pic] (1. 2. 6 Tools (1) â€Å"Embed Thematic in map† layers within the legend display (2) â€Å"Export mapinfo2google† The picture shows the export mapinfo google Note that this operation requires you to not to maximize and minimize the window, the window as shown below, and shown that all the objects for display operation,

In What Ways Did the Causes of the Second World War Differ?

In what ways did the causes of the Second World War differ from the causes of the First World War? The causes of World War One and World War Two shared both differences and similarities, but overall there were more differences between the two. The social, political, and economic circumstances of the times varied, though at times correlated with each other, but there are extreme differences that help create a different atmosphere for each war.The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, on the 28th June, 1914, set off World War One; Martel argues â€Å"The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the final straw in the struggle for mastery in the Balkans†. He was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, a Serbian group set up to fight for the unification of all South Slav territories that had been annexed by Austria-Hungary. Two months after the shooting Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, setting off the next chain of events that brought into account the alliance syste m.In 1938, a year before the start of World War Two, Hitler was growing ever more confident due to the lack of resistance he experienced from any other European country. He had annexed Austria with little or no consequences, and made a deal with France and Britain guaranteeing him the Sudetenland if he did not go after any other territories. In 1939 he broke this deal by occupying Czechoslovakia, and starting to advance on Danzig.At this point, the Allies realized that they must put an end to Hitler’s advance, as they could already see that Hitler had a lot more in mind than just the invasion of Poland. The Alliance system was present throughout both wars, although as countries surrendered and changed loyalties none of them remained permanent. The alliances system was originally created to help keep the peace in Europe, with the belief that they would act together as a defensive mechanism against any attack, as it was also in their own interest to keep Europe in peace.Neverth eless the alliance system is now seen as a major cause of the war, as Schmit believes: â€Å"The alliances which had originally served as the cause of peace when put to the final test operated to convert a local quarrel into a general war†, as two small countries with a territorial dispute were able to set of a chain reaction in the alliances that brought the greatest powers in Europe to declare war on each other. The Wall St. Crash of 1929 is believed to have led to the Great Depression of the 1930s, and caused there to be 6 million unemployed in Germany.This social unrest and resentment caused the Weimar Republic to become even more unpopular, and left Hitler with an opportunity to gain the public’s support. He set up soup kitchens across Germany to feed the unemployed, and during his election campaign of 1933 he promised to abolish unemployment if elected. The unpopularity of the Weimar government left the people looking for someone who could restore national pride to Germany and save her from her current depression, and it appeared as if Hitler could do exactly that, which led to an increase in popularity and votes.Historians such as Fischer blame the German people for the out break of the Second World War as it was their support that gave Hitler power to pursue his plans. The Treaty of Versailles was felt to bring humiliation to Germany, and created a feeling of Diktat. It was eventually seen by other European countries as being to harsh. Germany and her allies had to agree to take all of the blame for the war; lost all its overseas colonies, the Saar and Rhineland, along with many more military, territorial and legal restrictions.The Rhineland was demilitarized and was seen as a buffer zone between the borders of France and Germany. When Hitler ordered his troops to march into the Rhineland he said: â€Å"The 48 hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking in my life. If the French had marched into the Rhineland we would have had to withdraw, for the military resources at our disposal would have been wholly inadequate for even moderate resistance. This shows the weakness of the League of Nations, because if the League of Nations had shown any resistance to Hitler’s expansion the expansion would of stopped and Hitler would of withdrawn from the Rhineland. â€Å"a credible achievement that eventually failed because of the reluctance of the victors to enforce it† -Ruth Henig The failure of other countries to check German ambition was also apparent in World War One, when Germany’s new foreign policy meant that they began to rely heavily on the military to force their way into the European powers and increase their overseas empire, long with other advantages for themselves. Hitler’s rearmament of Germany was necessary due to the fact that the Treaty of Versailles had left her unable to defend herself. Conscription was banned and troop numbers could be no more than 100,00 0. Weapons were no longer allowed to be manufactured, and importing and exporting weapons was also prohibited. The Navy was decreased to 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. Submarines were banned, and so were aircrafts.The rearmament of Germany was a lengthy task, and Hitler at first found loopholes in the treaty that allowed for aircraft clubs to be set up that allowed men to learn how to fly without it being considered as military preparation. Rearmament wasn’t an issue in the run up to World War One as no such restrictions had been placed on Germany, although they did start a naval arms race with Britain while they increased their fleet size. â€Å"[The German] bid for continental supremacy was certainly decisive in bringing on the European War† AJP Taylor.Both World Wars seem to start from the same general situations, such as a the urge to increase the nations strength and image in front of the other nations, but when looked a t closely, it is evident that there are many differences between the causes of the two Wars. Factors such as the Treaty of Versailles and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 play a big part in the start of the Second World War. Thus in conclusion the causes of World War Two differ from the causes of World War One.